rrency. Reuters spoke to 20 people – including 15 in the eyelash industry, as well as trade lawyers and experts on North Korea’s economy – who described a system in which China-based firms import semi-finished products from North Korea, which are then completed and packaged as Chinese. The finished eyelashes are then exported to markets including the West, Japan and South Korea, according to eight people who work for companies directly involved in the trade. Some of the people spoke on condition that only their last names be used because they were not authorised to talk to the media. North Korea has long been a major exporter of hair products like wigs and false lashes, which enable people to avoid the hassle of mascara and to achieve a dramatic look. But exports tumbled during the Covid-19 pandemic, when North Korea slammed its borders tightly shut. Significant trade in North Korea-made lashes via China resumed in 2023, according to customs documents and four people in the industry. Chinese customs data showed that North Korea’s exports to China more than doubled in 2023, when borders reopened. China is the destination for nearly all of North Korea’s declared exports. Wigs and eyelashes comprised almost 60 per cent of declared North Korean exports to China last year. In total, North Korea exported 1,680 tonnes of false eyelashes, beards and wigs to China in 2023, worth around $167 million. In 2019, when prices were lower, it exported 1,829 tonnes at a value of just $31.1 million. The US State Department and international experts estimate that North Korea seizes up to 90 per cent of foreign income generated by its citizens, many of whom live in poverty. Reuters was unable to determine how much of the revenue from eyelash sales flowed back to Kim’s government, or how it was used.  “We have to assume that … millions of dollars every month that North Korea is making through this eyelash trade is being used for the Kim Jong Un regime,” said Seoul-based sanctions lawyer Shin Tong-chan. His view was corroborated by two other international trade experts, though none provided specific evidence. North Korea did not respond to requests for comment for this story sent to its UN missions in New York and Geneva, its embassy in Beijing and its consular office in the Chinese border city of Dandong. A spokesperson for the Chinese Foreign Ministry said Beijing and Pyongyang “are friendly neighbors” and that “normal cooperation between the two countries that is lawful and compliant should not be exaggerated.” UN and US sanctions Since 2006, the United Nations Security Council has sought to stall Pyongyang’s nuclear weapons programme through nearly a dozen sanctions resolutions that restrict its ability to trade products such as coal, textiles and oil. It also imposed strict restrictions on North Koreans working abroad. Sanctions passed by the Security Council are supposed to be enforced by UN member states – all of whom are legally bound to implement them – using local legislation. But there is no direct ban on hair products, so trading false eyelashes from North Korea does not necessarily violate international law, three sanctions experts told Reuters. Reuters presented its findings to the Chinese Foreign Ministry, which said it was “not aware of the circumstances” described but that any alleged violations of UN sanctions are “completely without foundation”. Japan’s foreign ministry did not comment on Reuters’ findings, but said Tokyo, which bans trade with Pyongyang, would continue to consider “the most effective approach” toward North Korea. The European Union’s diplomatic service did not return requests for comment on North Korean-made eyelashes being sold in its jurisdiction. The United States has since 2008 separately expanded its own measures against North Korea, which include sanctions on any company stocking or selling products whose sales fund the Kim regime: a restriction that also applies to non-American firms using the US dollar. But there are practical and political limitations on Washington’s ability to enforce such sanctions unilaterally on entities such as foreign businesses that have minimal exposure to the US financial system and don’t sell primarily to American clients, according to two international sanctions lawyers. A US Treasury spokesperson said it “actively enforces the range of our broad North Korea sanctions authorities against both US and foreign firms” and would “continue to aggressively target any revenue generation efforts” by Pyongyang. The Treasury also referenced its nearly $1 million settlement with E.l.f. Cosmetics in 2019 over allegations that the US-based firm inadvertently sold false eyelashes containing materials from North Korea. E.l.f.’s parent company said in a 2019 filing that it discovered two suppliers had used North Korean materials during a “routine, self-administered audit” and that it quickly addressed the issue, which it determined was “not material.” The company, which has since stopped selling false eyelashes, reiterated its commitment to making products legally and responsibly in a statement to Reuters for this story. Reuters was unable to establish whether any Western companies are currently involved in the North Korean eyelash trade. China’s ‘eyelash capital of the world’ The people involved in the industry said that Pingdu, an eastern Chinese town that bills itself the ‘eyelash capital of the world’, is a key node in the supply chain from North Korea. Many Pingdu-based companies, such as Monsheery, package false eyelashes that are produced primarily by North Koreans, said Wang Tingting, whose family owns the firm, which exports products to the US, Brazil and Russia. Wang said in an interview from her factory that North Korean goods had helped build Monsheery up from a small family workshop. The company was founded in 2015, corporate records show. “The quality of the North Korean product is much better,” said Wang, who said that she was not aware of any sanctions-related issues with using North Korean false eyelashes. She declined to name her international clients. Others in Pingdu said they are conscious of the role sanctions play in the complicated distribution chain. “If not for these sanctions, there would be no need for (North Koreans) to export through China,” said Gao, who owns Yumuhui Eyelash.  Cui Huzhe, who represents a North Korean factory that works with a Chinese partner in a venture called the Korea-China Processing Joint Trading Company, said the North Korean firm sends semi-finished eyelashes to China, where they are sold to markets including the US, Europe, Japan and South Korea. He declined to identify the two companies involved in the partnership or their clients. Subsequently, he couldn’t be reached for comment on the sanctions implications. Income for a cash-strapped state Chinese manufacturers began working with North Korean eyelash plants in the early 2000s, according to three Chinese factory managers. They said they prize the country’s labour force for its low cost and the high quality of the eyelashes. About 80 per cent of Pingdu’s eyelash factories purchase or process false eyelash raw materials and semi-finished products from North Korea, according to a 2023 estimate published by Kali, a Chinese manufacturer of eyelash boxes, on its website.  Pingdu’s government says the town of roughly 1.2 million accounts for 70 per cent of global output of false eyelashes, which are often made of synthetic fibres but may also be created from mink fur or human hair. Trading company Asia Pacific International Network Technology, based in the Chinese border city of Hunchun, advertises on its website the services of three North Korean eyelash processing factories with images of workers arranging hairs and pasting them on paper. Reached by phone, a company employee, who would not give her name, declined to comment. Seoul-based businessman Johny Lee imports products like chicken-feet shaped lashes used for extensions through Dandong into South Korea. Those lashes are made by North Koreans, packaged in China, and then sold locally or exported to Asian countries like Japan, said Lee, who chairs a trade group in Seoul that includes eyelash extension technicians from the West and South Korea. Asked about legal risks, Lee – who began sourcing eyelashes from China a decade ago – said he was not selling “sophisticated technology like semiconductors.” North Korean workers “are trying to make a living there,” he said. South Korean law states that if two or more countries are involved in the production of imported goods, the place where the products gained “essential characteristics” will be deemed the country of origin. Reuters described how eyelashes made by North Korean workers are packaged and completed in China to Shin Min-ho, a South Korea-certified customs attorney. He said North Korea would likely be considered their country of origin because it gave the raw materials “essential characteristics.” Seoul’s Korea Customs Services said that “importing North Korean products disguised as Chinese can be punished,” but that it was “difficult to determine” country of origin based solely on Reuters’ description of the supply chain between North Korea and China and that it was not investigating the issue. Good quality, cheap salaries Despite the quality of the eyelashes, North Korean labour is poorly paid. North Korean salaries can be a tenth of Chinese wages, four Chinese factory owners and managers said. In addition, Wang, a manager for Pingdu-based manufacturer Co-Lash, which ceased North Korean operations during the pandemic, said the workers gave up most of their income to the state. He didn’t supply proof. Another Chinese manufacturer, PD Lush, pays workers at its factory in the North Korean border town of Rason – whose work is sold internationally – an average monthly salary of 300 yuan ($42), said Pingdu-based manager Wang.  The centrality of North Korea to the industry became clear when the country’s borders closed during the pandemic. Monsheery’s Wang Tingting said that after North Korea closed its borders in 2020 due to the pandemic, ships carrying over the small amount of eyelashes exported during that time were often held up. “We have very high demand on our side,” she said. In the wake of the pandemic, supply was still not at full capacity and shipping delays were common, she added. South Korean false eyelash brand Cinderella Amisolution typically procures supplies from Chinese traders of semi-finished North Korean products, which it then sells to customers. But when North Korea sealed its border, contractors sent samples that weren’t made by North Koreans. “I thought, ‘this isn’t going to work’,” said chief executive Choi Jee-won. “They were completely different.” (Additional reporting by Beijing newsroom and Sakura Murakami in Tokyo; Writing by Ju-min Park; Editing by Josh Smith and Katerina Ang)